Ⅰ 傑弗遜,林肯,華盛頓總統簡介
傑弗遜 (Thomas Jefferson,1743--1826)
(1801年3月4日--1809年3月3日 任美國總統)
綽號:"人民的人".
出生於1743年4月13日,在沙德韋爾里弗吉尼亞.死於1826年7月4日,Monticello(弗吉尼亞附近)
托馬斯·傑弗遜是美國獨立革命運動的一位積極領導者和組織者,著名的美國《獨立宣言》的起草人.他前後從事政治活動近六十年之
久,在美國人民的心目中是一位偉大的英雄
傑弗遜的墓碑上刻著:"托馬斯·傑弗遜美國《獨立宣言》和弗吉尼亞宗教自由法的執筆人弗吉尼亞大學之父安葬於此".
資產階級民主派代表人物,共和黨創始人。1773年創辦弗吉尼亞的「通訊委員會」,宣傳殖民地獨立的思想。擁護天賦人權說,提出以革命反抗暴君。主張自由發展小農經濟,反對奴隸制和議會選舉中的財產資格限制。為大陸會議代表,參與起草《獨立宣言》。曾任弗吉尼亞州州長、駐法公使、國務卿、副總統。總統任內,從法國購買路易斯安那,使美國國境擴張到與墨西哥接壤;推行「西漸政策」,頒布禁止輸入黑奴的法令。晚年創立弗吉尼亞大學。
托馬斯·傑弗遜 第一個死於貧困的是第三任美國總統托馬斯·傑弗遜(Thomas Jefferson).他出身貴族家庭,屬於富有階層.後於1809年3月4日離任,死於1826年7月4日.巧合的是,他竟然與他的前任,政敵約翰·亞當斯(John Adams)幾乎同時離開人世,雖然後來他們的私人關系已經和好.傑弗遜的墓碑上刻著:"托馬斯·傑弗遜美國《獨立宣言》和弗吉尼亞宗教自由法的執筆人弗吉尼亞大學之父安葬於此".
傑弗遜8年的總統生涯,使他欠下了巨額債務,不得不另舉債償還以離開白宮.離開白宮之後,抵達蒙蒂塞洛.雖然擁有幾間小作坊,和一個小農場,但入不敷出,盡管忍痛賣掉一些土地還債,仍然還有幾乎5萬美元的債務.於是還債就成為困擾這位離任總統的難解之結.他的大女兒與他一起生活,在給父親的信中,瑪霞寫道:"我什麼都可以忍受,就是不想看到你年紀這么大還要為債務而煩憂".
1812年,英國人入侵焚燒了國會圖書館.傑弗遜將自己價值5萬美元的藏書,以23500美元的低價賣給國會,償還了將近一半的債務.盡管手頭.在他的積極游說之下,州議會批准每年支付15000美元以資辦學.傑弗遜到處募捐用於建校.1825年3月7日,大學開學,盡管只有30名學生.
傑弗遜終於因為貧困兼之過度勞累而病倒,當傑弗遜經濟極其困難的消息傳拮據,他卻從1816年起,以全部身心投入籌建弗吉尼亞大學的運作之中開之後,美國各地為之捐款16000美元,但這並不足以償還他的債務並解決他的醫療費用.6月24日,他寫下生平最後一封親筆信,抱歉地推辭掉華盛頓紀念《獨立宣言》五十周年紀念活動,他終於滿足了活到7月4日的最後願望,中午12時50分,離開人世,享年73歲.幾個小時之後,另一位《獨立宣言》起草人傑弗遜的前任總統亞當斯也撒手人寰.
林肯
1809年2月12日,阿伯拉罕·林肯出生在肯塔基州哈丁縣一個伐木工人的家庭,迫於生計,他先後干過店員、村郵務員、測量員和劈柵欄木條等多種工作。1834年,他當選為伊利諾斯州議員,才開始了他的政治生涯。
當時,美國奴隸制猖獗,1854年南部奴隸主竟派遣一批暴徒擁入堪薩斯州、用武力強制推行奴隸制度,引起了堪薩斯內戰。這一事件激起了林肯的斗爭熱情,他明確地宣布了他要「為爭取自由和廢除奴隸制而斗爭」的政治主張。1860年他當選為總統。南方奴隸主對林肯的政治主張是清楚的,他們當然不願坐以待斃。1861年,南部7個州的代表脫離聯邦,宣布獨立,自組「南部聯盟」,並於4月12日開始向聯邦軍隊發起攻擊,內戰爆發初期,聯邦軍隊一再失利。1862年9月22日,林肯宣布了親自起草的具有偉大歷史意義的文獻——《解放黑奴宣言》草案(即後來的《解放宣言》),從此戰爭形勢才開始發生了明顯的變化,北部軍隊很快地由防禦轉入了進攻,1865年終於獲得了徹底的勝利。
此時,林肯在美國人民中的聲望已愈來愈高了,1864年,林肯再度當選為總統。但不幸的是,1865年4月14日晚,他在華盛頓福特劇院觀劇時突然遭到槍擊,次日清晨與世長辭。
革命導師馬克思高度地評價林肯說,他是一個「不會被困難所嚇倒,不會為成功所迷惑的人,他不屈不撓地邁向自己的偉大目標,而從不輕舉妄動,他穩步向前,而從不倒退;……總之,他是一位達到了偉大境界而仍然保持自己優良品質的罕有的人物」。
人物姓名:喬治·華盛頓
歷史上最有影響的100人 政治家
喬治·華盛頓1732年生於美國弗吉尼亞的威克弗爾德庄園。他是一位富有的種植園主之子,二十歲時繼承了一筆可觀的財產。1753年到1758年期間華盛頓在軍中服役,積極參加了法國人同印第安人之間的戰爭,從而獲得了軍事經驗和威望;1758年解甲回到弗吉尼亞,不久便與一位帶有四個孩子的富孀——瑪莎·丹德利居·卡斯蒂斯結了婚(他沒有親生子女)。
華盛頓在隨後的十五年中經營自己的家產,表現出了非凡的才能,1774年他被選為弗吉尼亞的一位代表去參加第一屆大陸會議時,就已經成為美國殖民地中最大的富翁之一了。華盛頓不是一位主張獨立的先驅者,但是1775年6月的第二屆大陸會議(他是一位代表)卻一致推選他來統率大陸部隊。他軍事經驗豐富,家產萬貫,聞名遐邇;他外貌英俊,體魄健壯(身高6英尺2時),指揮才能卓越,尤其他那堅韌不拔的性格使他成為統帥的理所當然的人選。在整個戰爭期間,他忠誠效勞,分文不取,廉潔奉公,堪稱楷模。
華盛頓於1775年6月開始統率大陸軍隊,到1797年3月第二屆總統任期期滿,他的最有意義的貢獻就是在這期間取得的。1799年12月在弗吉尼亞的溫恩山,他在家中病逝。
首先,他在美國獨立戰爭中是一位成功的軍事領袖。但事實上他決非是一位軍事天才,當然也決不能與亞歷山大和凱撒一類的將軍相提並論。他的成功至少有一半是由於同他對壘的英軍將領的出人意料的無能,另一半才是由於他自己的才能。但是應記住幾位其他美國將領均遭慘敗,而華盛頓雖說打了幾個小敗仗而最終卻贏得了戰爭的勝利。
其次,華盛頓是立憲會議主席。雖然他的思想對美國憲法的形成沒有起重要的作用,但是他的支持者和他的名望對各州批准這部憲法卻起了重大的作用。當時有一股強大的力量在反對新憲法,要不是華盛頓的影響,很難說這部憲法能實行得了。
再其次,華盛頓是美國第一任總統。美國有一位華盛頓這樣德才兼備的人作為第一任總統是幸運的。翻開南美和非洲各國的歷史,我們可以看到即使是一個以民主憲法為伊始的新國家,墮落成為軍事專制國家也是易如反掌。華盛頓是一位堅定的領袖,他保持了國家的統一,但是卻無永遠把持政權的野心,既不想做國王,又不想當獨裁者。他開創了主動讓權的先例——一個至今美國仍然奉行的先例。
與當時的其他美國領袖如托馬斯·傑弗遜、詹姆斯·麥迪遜、亞歷山大·漢密爾頓等相比,喬治·華盛頓缺乏創新的精神和深刻的思想。但是他比所有這些雄才大略的人物都重要得多,無論在戰爭還是和平期間,他在行政領導方面都起著至關重要的作用,沒有他任何政治運動都不會達到目的。對美國的形成,麥迪遜的貢獻是重大的,而華盛頓的貢獻幾乎可以說是不可缺少的。
喬治·華盛頓在本冊中的位置在很大程度上取決於人們怎樣認識他給美國所帶來的歷史意義。要求一個當今的美國人對那種歷史意義做出不偏不倚的評價自然是困難的。
雖然美國在二十世紀中葉具有甚至比鼎盛時期的羅馬帝國還要大的軍事力量和政治影響,但是其政權也許不會象羅馬帝國那樣行之久遠。另一方面,美國所取得的技術成就有幾項將來也會被其他民族視為有重大意義的,這一點看來是有目共睹的。例如飛機的發明和人類在月球上的登陸就代表了過去世世代代人們夢寐以求的成果;很難想像核武器的發明將來會被看成是無足輕重的成就。
既然喬治·華盛頓大體上可以和羅馬的奧古斯都·凱撒相媲美,在本冊中把他與奧古斯都排得很接近似乎不無道理。如果說把華盛頓排得略低了一點兒,那主要是因為他比奧古斯都領導的時間要短得多,還有許多其他人如托馬斯·傑弗遜和詹姆斯·麥迪遜對美國的形成也起了重要的作用。但是華盛頓比亞歷山大大帝和拿破崙這樣的人物排得高些,因為他的功勞比起他們的來說是更加不可磨滅的。
獨立宣言
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
In Congress, July 4, 1776,
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to rece them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their ty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introcing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
JOHN HANCOCK, President
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON
Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.
New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross
Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean
Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton
North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn
South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton
Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.
Ⅱ 丘吉爾作為英國總統還曾經獲得過諾貝爾文學獎,他是怎麼做到的
我認為學過歷史的我們都知道丘吉爾這個人,他是一位非常偉大的總統,帶領自己的國家一步一步的走向繁榮,他出身於英國著名的斯賓塞家族,當過隨軍記者,還成功越過獄。正是因為他所經歷的,才能鑄就他成為了一名偉大的總統,並且獲得諾貝爾文學獎。而且據網路上面說,丘吉爾這個人是長得非常帥的,顏值非常高,據說在那個年代有很多喜歡他的小女孩。
瑞典文學院在授予他諾貝爾文學獎的頒獎詞中說:「丘吉爾在政治上和文學上的成就如此之大,此前從未有過一位領袖人物能兩樣兼備而且如此傑出。」由此可見一個人能夠獲得莫大的成功,還是離不開自身的默默努力。
Ⅲ 英國前任總統是誰
英國沒有總統,只有首相
Ⅳ 丘吉爾的鐵幕演說,為什麼說是成為美蘇冷戰的導火線
因為丘吉爾的鐵幕演說,將蘇聯描繪成即將高壓統一中歐,東歐的超級大國,引起了美國政府的警惕,隨後便發生了持續四十五年之久的美蘇冷戰。
二戰勝利後,英國前任首相丘吉爾應美國總統杜魯門之邀,前去美國做客。在總統的陪同下,到達丘吉爾位於密蘇里州富爾頓的母校發表演講。這個演講名為「和平砥柱」,演講中,丘吉爾公開攻擊蘇聯,宣稱一幅橫貫歐洲大陸的鐵幕已經開始降落。蘇聯開始對東歐,中歐部分國家開始了高壓統治。為了世界的和平未來,美英國家應該聯合起來,遏制蘇聯的擴張行為。
英國的這般做法其實美蘇都看在眼裡,但是無法阻攔。因為戰後兩極之間必定會產生矛盾,這是不可避免的。丘吉爾正是看出美蘇冷戰不可避免,才跳出來,將事情挑明,逼迫兩國正式開啟冷戰。
如此可見,鐵幕演講將兩國矛盾放在明面上,加速了冷戰的發起,成為冷戰導火索。
Ⅳ 甘比亞的前總統賈梅在位20年,他都說過哪些口出狂言的話
甘比亞的前總統賈梅在位二十年,無論是對蘇聯,對美國,對歐盟,對中國,對聯合國他都有放過狠話。但是到乞今為止他放出來的話從來沒有實現過的。反而是甘比亞無論是經濟實力還是政治實力都是越來越差。並且甘比亞的人民也是對這一位前總統非常的不喜歡。
在1995年,因為存在貿易爭端等問題,甘比亞放出狠話:將派遣軍隊橫掃整個歐洲大陸。隨後英國、法國、德國、義大利聯合以人權問題為由制裁甘比亞。2002年,甘比亞威脅「如若美國不放棄制裁,甘比亞將組成遠征軍踏平北美大陸」,美國隨後降低了與甘比亞的外交級別。
Ⅵ 感恩節彩蛋的起源
感恩節彩蛋的起源
在國外很多地方,每年春分過後,第一次月圓後的第一個星期日就是「復活節」。許
多西方人小時候會在當天玩一種找彩蛋的游戲,而彩蛋裡面也會藏一些小禮物,找到彩蛋
的人會很興奮,所以彩蛋是「復活節」最典型的象徵,代表了驚喜與另藏玄機。
英國大部分節日都起源於宗教。復活節發生在過了春分月圓後的第一個星期日,原是
紀念西亞異教神明巴力的同父異母妹妹亞斯塔路降生的日子,亞斯塔路也是巴力的情婦。
相傳巴力得知妹妹亞斯塔路生於一枚天鵝蛋中,就去灌木中尋找;找到了,就抱在懷里孵
化出了一隻兔子;兔子長大後成了一個美女,和巴力同居,後來在巴力危難之際還救過巴
力一命。英語單詞復活節easter的詞源就是亞斯塔路。
復活節有不少傳統的慶祝活動,彩蛋就是復活節最典型的象徵。它象徵著活力與生
機。用彩蛋慶祝復活節的風俗與傳統已經延續了幾個世紀。古時人們常把蛋視為多子多孫
和復活的象徵.因為它孕育著新的生命。後來基督教徒又賦予蛋以新的涵義,認為它是耶
穌墓的象徵,未來的生命就是從其中掙脫而出世。
Ⅶ 世界各國的前任總統是誰
美國前任總統布希
德國總統科勒
俄羅斯前任總統葉利欽
伊朗前任總統哈塔米
法國前人總統密特朗
Ⅷ 怎樣評價里根總統
里根的確是美國一位傳奇總統。他是當選時年齡最大而且最長壽的總統;他也打破了「凡在雙十年當選的總統必喪生於任上」的死亡宿命。他沒有學過經濟專業,卻創立了「里根經濟學」。筆者駐美期間,美國人特別是共和黨人談起里根大都贊美有加,認為他是美國「標志性人物」。按中國的傳統道德標准,應該為「死者諱」,但實事求是,全面評價里根才對得起歷史,對得起後人。
(8)英國前任總統說了什麼讓世擴展閱讀:
不同人眼中的里根
里根去世後,一位俄國資深歷史學者指出,俄國人對里根的看法是矛盾的,人們認為里根是「一位不太好打交道的人」。只有前蘇聯總統戈爾巴喬夫稱里根是一位「偉大的總統」。他對里根先生的逝世感到非常悲傷。
基辛格在其《大外交》 一書中曾多次提到里根,其中有這樣一段話:「里根的表現令人咋舌,無懈可擊。就學術界觀察家而言,則幾乎是不可理解。里根對歷史幾乎一無所知,而他所知道的一小部分,也被他東挪西借,支持他堅定的偏見。當你和里根談話時,有時會想到:為什麼有人認為他應該當州長,甚至是總統。但是,身為歷史學家,必須說明的是,這樣一位才智平庸的人何以能主宰加州八年,之後又主宰白宮政務。」
和布希一樣,里根在阿拉伯世界也不得人心。里根極端親以色列。1983年,貝魯特美軍營地發生自殺式襲擊,造成241名美軍喪生,震動美國朝野。里根不得不把美國海軍陸戰隊撤出了貝魯特。他去世後,以色列總理沙龍的辦公室發表的聲明說,里根總統是以色列的朋友。他當政期間,以色列同美國的關系建立在相互理解與合作的基礎之上。