英國史書用英語怎麼寫

Ⅰ 幫忙用英語寫下「17世紀和18世紀的英國文學史」這篇文章

The 17th century and 18th century literature in Great Britain

1. Jacobean literature
After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.

Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.

Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.

Another popular style of theatre ring Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.

The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.

Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.

2. Caroline and Cromwellian literature
The turbulent years of the mid-17th century, ring the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.

Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.

Other forms of literature written ring this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in , the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both procing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.

3. Augustan literature
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730's themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 - 1750 was called "the Augustan Age" by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith). The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to ecation, and the stirrings of the Instrial Revolution.

The most outstanding poet of the age is Alexander Pope, but Pope's excellence is partially in his constant battle with other poets, and his serene, seemingly neo-Classical approach to poetry is in competition with highly idiosyncratic verse and strong competition from such poets as Ambrose Philips. It was ring this time that James Thomson proced his melancholy The Seasons and Edward Young wrote Night Thoughts. It is also the era that saw a serious competition over the proper model for the pastoral. In criticism, poets struggled with a doctrine of decorum, of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject. At the same time, the mock-heroic was at its zenith. Pope's Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad are still the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written.

In prose, the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the English essay. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's The Spectator established the form of the British periodical essay, inventing the pose of the detached observer of human life who can meditate upon the world without advocating any specific changes in it. However, this was also the time when the English novel, first emerging in the Restoration, developed into a major artform. Daniel Defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with Roxana and Moll Flanders. He also wrote a fictional treatment of the travels of Alexander Selkirk called Robinson Crusoe (1719). The novel would benefit indirectly from a tragedy of the stage, and in mid-century many more authors would begin to write novels.

If Addison and Steele overawed one type of prose, then Jonathan Swift did another. Swift's prose style is unmannered and direct, with a clarity that few contemporaries matched. He was a profound skeptic about the modern world, but he was similarly profoundly distrustful of nostalgia. He saw in history a record of lies and vanity, and he saw in the present a madness of vanity and lies. Core Christian values were essential, but these values had to be muscular and assertive and developed by constant rejection of the games of confidence men and their gullies. Swift's A Tale of a Tub announced his skeptical analysis of the claims of the modern world, and his later prose works, such as his war with Patridge the astrologer, and most of all his derision of pride in Gulliver's Travels left only the indivial in constant fear and humility safe. After his "exile" to Ireland, Swift reluctantly began defending the Irish people from the predations of colonialism. His A Modest Proposal and the Drapier Letters provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irish Roman Catholics, was outraged by the abuses and barbarity he saw around him.

4.18th century

During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) – a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Led by the philosophers who were inspired by the discoveries of the previous century (Newton) and the writings of Descartes, Locke and Bacon.

They sought to discover and to act upon universally valid principles governing humanity, nature, and society. They variously attacked spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism; the same qualities played a part in bringing the later reaction of romanticism. The Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age.

During the end of the 19th century Ann Radcliffe would be the pioneer of the Gothic Novel. Her novel, The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne in 1789, sets the tone for the majority of her work, which tended to involve innocent, but heroic young women who find themselves in gloomy, mysterious castles ruled by even more mysterious barons with dark pasts. The Romance of the Forest would follow and her most famous novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho, is considered the ultimate Gothic Novel of the late 18th century.

Increased emphasis on instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages ring the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Ann Radcliffe's novel would embody all of this in The Mysteries of Udolpho.

Ⅱ 英國用英語怎麼寫

England
英國

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♧手工翻譯☀尊重勞動☀歡迎提問☀感謝採納♧
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Ⅲ 英國英語怎麼寫

1、英國，Britain。讀音：美/?br?tn/；英/?br?tn/。
2、釋義：
（1）England n.英格蘭。
（2）Britain n.英國；不列顛。
（3）UK abbr.聯合王國（United Kingdom）；n.英國。

Ⅳ 「英國」用英語怎麼說

英國單詞：Britain或者United Kingdom。

Britain，英 ['brɪtn]，美 ['brɪtn]

n. 英國；不列顛

例句：Britain has always had a large navy, called the Royal Navy.

英國一直有一支強大的海軍，稱為皇家海軍。

近義詞

England，英 ['ɪŋɡlənd]，美 ['ɪŋɡlənd]

n. 英格蘭；英國

例句：The big match tonight is England versus Spain.

今晚的大賽是英格蘭對西班牙。

Ⅳ 英國的英文怎麼寫

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland——大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國。

英國即大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國，主體是英格蘭，所以習慣上稱英國（英國本來是英格蘭王國的簡稱），是由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭組成的聯合王國，大英帝國（後改稱英聯邦）號稱日不落帝國。

英倫三島是指英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士，由於北愛爾蘭位於愛爾蘭島，其餘眾多島嶼面積過小，所以不包括在內。

(5)英國史書用英語怎麼寫擴展閱讀

英國在1688年的光榮革命確立了君主立憲政體，18世紀60年代至19世紀30年代成為世界上第一個完成工業革命的國家 ，國力迅速壯大。18世紀至20世紀初期英國統治的領土跨越全球七大洲，是當時世界上最強大的國家和第一大殖民帝國，其殖民地面積等於本土的111倍 ， 號稱日不落帝國。

在兩次世界大戰中都取得了勝利，但國力嚴重受損。到20世紀下半葉大英帝國解體，資本主義世界霸權的地位被美國取代。不過，現在英國仍是一個在世界范圍內有巨大影響力的大國。

英國是一個高度發達的資本主義國家，歐洲四大經濟體之一，其國民擁有極高的生活水平和良好的社會保障制度。作為英聯邦元首國、七國集團成員國、北約創始會員國、英國同時也是聯合國安全理事會五大常任理事國之一。

Ⅵ 英國的英語怎麼寫

(6)英國史書用英語怎麼寫擴展閱讀

1.Britain

例句示範：

Henceforward France and Britain had a common interest. 自此法國和英國有了共同的利益。

Britain and Argentina reopened diplomatic relations.英國和阿根廷重新建立了外交關系。

Britain and France have expressed some disagreement with the proposal.英國和法國對這項提案已經發表了一些反對意見。

The department said many countries had reciprocal agreements for health care with Britain.該部門稱許多國家和英國簽訂了醫療衛生互惠協議。

2.England

例句示範：

She severed her ties with England.她斷絕了和英國的往來。

I boarded the plane bound for England.我登上了飛往英格蘭的'飛機。

He had lost his place in the England team.他失去了在英格蘭隊的位置。

In a warm-up game for the World Cup, Uruguay have beaten England.在世界盃熱身賽中，烏拉圭隊打敗了英格蘭隊。

3.the United Kingdom

例句示範：

This television program provoked a spirited debate in the United Kingdom.這個電視節目在英國引起了激烈的辯論。

He visited various penal institutions in the United Kingdom in the late 1930s. 20世紀30年代末他探訪了英國各種各樣的服刑機構。

The study was supported by the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom and Cancer Research UK.這項研究獲得了英國醫學研究委員會和英國癌症研究所的支持。

They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia.他們已經有英國和澳大利亞的筆友。

We are a company based both in the United Kingdom and nigeria.我公司建立於英國和奈及利亞。

Ⅶ 英國歷史的英語是什麼

英倫三島的第一批印歐居民是塞爾特人。原先島上可能還有更早的居民，但是人煙稀少，所以沒有留下多少遺跡。塞爾特人是古印歐人的一支，大約在四千五百年前離開他們在東歐的故鄉向西遷移，在公元前一千年時，他們成了德國南部、阿爾卑斯山北麓的一個強大民族。在公元前五百年左右，他們開始向西遷移，後來到了英倫諸島。這就是印歐人的第一次「入侵」。
印歐人的第二次入侵是在公元五世紀中葉，當時生活在現在的德國和丹麥交界處有兩個部落，一個是石勒蘇益格（Schleswig）的盎格魯（Angles），另一個是霍爾施坦因（Holstein）的薩克森（Saxon）。石勒蘇益格／霍爾施坦因現在是德國最北面的兩個州。這兩個部落從那裡跨過北海，占據了英格蘭，原來的塞爾特人很快地後退到威爾士、愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭高地。English一詞就出自Angles，原意為「角落」，意即他們來自歐洲大陸的一角。在古英語中Angle寫作Engle，他們的語言叫做Englisc（在古英語中「sc」讀如「sh」，如「sceap」—— 「sheep」）。順便說一句，「塞爾特」（Celt）中的c可以讀如s或k，所以也叫「凱爾特」。
古英語一直發展到公元1066年法國的諾曼人入侵。在此以前，由於受北歐人和羅馬人的影響，許多斯堪地那維亞詞彙和拉丁詞彙溶了進來。前者如egg，cake，skin，leg，window，husband，sky，fellow，skill，anger，flat，ugly，odd，get，give，take，raise，call，die，they，their，them；後者如street，kitchen，kettle，cup，cheese，wine。塞爾特語的遺跡大多留在地名中，如Thames，Kent，Dover。
諾曼人的入侵為英語帶來了大量的法語詞彙，這使得現代英語中存現大量的同義／近義詞：shut／close，answer／reply，smell／odor，yearly／annual，ask／demand，room／chamber，wish／desire，might／power（英語詞／法語詞）。有一個有趣的現象是產肉的動物多是英語詞，如ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer，而它們的肉則是法語詞，如beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison。大概持法語的多為貴族統治者，只注意他們餐桌上的肉，並不在意牲畜們叫什麼。
另外在已有的英語／斯堪地那維亞語同義詞基礎上，如英語的wrath和斯堪地那維亞語的anger之外，法語又加了個ire。連我們漢語也貢獻很多詞：kowtow（叩頭），typhoon（台風），sampan（舢板），kaolin（高嶺土），tea（閩方言），shanghai（不是地名：－））豆腐，功夫，檸檬等。
這些外來語使英語成為一個表達力豐富的語言。盡管溶入了如此眾多的「外來語」，古英語仍然構成了它的核心——不到五千的古英語單詞一直保持到了今天。在此期間英語逐漸向高層發展，1399年繼承王位的亨利四世是第一個以英語為母語的英國國王。在十四世紀快要結束的時候，喬叟（Chaucer）完成了『坎特伯雷的傳說』（Canterbury Tales），以倫敦方言為代表的現代英語終於開始出現：一個來自當年「角落」的語言。

Ⅷ 英國的英語怎麼寫呢

英國

1、England 英 【ˈɪŋɡlənd】 美 【'iŋɡlənd】

n. 英格蘭；英國；

2、Britain 英 【'brɪt(ə)n】 美 【'brɪtn】

n. 英國；不列顛；

3、UK聯合王國（United Kingdom） 【ˌju: ˈkeɪ; ˌju ke】

abbr. 聯合王國（United Kingdom）

n. 英國；

Ⅸ 「英國」用英文怎麼寫

「英國」用英文有三種寫法：（1）England; （2）Britain; （3）UK。