導航:首頁 > 觀義大利 > 義大利柴油機排放標准英語怎麼說

義大利柴油機排放標准英語怎麼說

發布時間:2024-09-22 02:58:27

❶ 共軌柴油發動機中的「共軌」是什麼意思

高壓共軌(Common Rail)電噴技術是指在高壓油泵、壓力感測器和電子控制單元(ECU)組成的閉環系統中,將噴射壓力的產生和噴射過程彼此完全分開的一種供油方式。它是由高壓油泵將高壓燃油輸送到公共供油管(Rail),通過公共供油管內的油壓實現精確控制,使高壓油管壓力(Pressure)大小與發動機的轉速無關,可以大幅度減小柴油機供油壓力隨發動機轉速變化的程度.
目前世界上主要有三大公司在研發和生產柴油機高壓共軌系統,日本電裝、德國博世和美國福特。共軌系統將燃油壓力產生和燃油噴射分離開來,如果把單體泵柴油噴射技術比做柴油技術的革命的話,那共軌就可以稱作反叛了,因為它背離了傳統的柴油系統而近似於順序汽油噴射系統。共軌系統開辟了降低柴油發動機排放和噪音的新途徑 。
由於其強大的技術潛力,今天各製造商已經把目光定在了共軌系統第3代——壓電式(piezo)共軌系統,壓電執行器代替了電磁閥,於是得到了更加精確的噴射控制。沒有了回油管,在結構上更簡單。壓力從200~2000帕彈性調節。最小噴射量可控制在0.5mm3,減小了煙度和NOX的排放。
日趨嚴重的能源危機,成為全世界內燃機行業關注的焦點,也使柴油機越來越受到用戶青睞。與汽油機相比柴油機有很多優勢:能減少20%~25%的CO2廢氣排放,車速較低時的加速性能更有優勢,平均燃油消耗低25%~30%,能提供更多的駕駛樂趣。因此,有人大膽對全球汽車產量中柴油機的發展趨勢進行了預測,並按區域劃分世界汽車產量中的柴油機比例。但是,與汽油機相比,柴油機的排放控制又是一個難點。為滿足排放標准,柴油機先進的燃油噴射系統———高壓共軌技術成為業內人士關注的焦點。前些年,高壓共軌技術是外資一統天下,現在這種局面被打破了。
排放標準的提升必然推動發動機技術的發展
2005年12月30日,北京率先實施國Ⅲ排放標准。2006年7月31日,上海公交、計程車行業新車實施國Ⅲ排放標准。2006年9月1日,廣州開始實施國Ⅲ排放標准。今年7月1日全國將全面實施國Ⅲ排放標准。到2010年,全國將實施國Ⅳ排放標准。
排放標準的提升,必然推動發動機技術的發展。對於汽油發動機,由於技術相對成熟且有後處理,因此滿足目前排放標准難度不大。對於柴油發動機,由於目前大部分還是機械式燃油系統,且柴油機直噴技術發展歷程較短,因而為滿足排放標准要求必須重新設計發動機。我國目前大部分採用引進技術來滿足現階段排放標准(國Ⅲ),但也有部分企業在進行自主研發,如中國一汽無錫油泵油嘴研究所、成都威特等。在更嚴格排放標准要求下,除電控燃油系統外,發動機整機也引進了許多新技術。世界著名的汽車研發機構Ricardo公司推薦在各排放階段的發動機技術要求,從中可見共軌系統由於其獨特的優勢,是最具繼承性和可持續發展的燃油噴射系統之一。
高壓共軌系統在國外已得到普遍應用
柴油燃油噴射系統從機械控制式發展到電子控制式系統後,電子噴射系統又經歷了三次變革,即位置式燃油噴射系統、時間式燃油噴射系統和時間壓力式燃油噴射系統(共軌系統)。高壓共軌系統實現了壓力建立和噴射過程的分離,從而使控制過程更具有柔性,能更准確地實現小油量的精確控制,更好地實現多次噴射。
自從1991年日本電裝公司發表ECD-U2高壓共軌系統論文以來,國外燃油系統製造商紛紛投入巨額資金和人力開發共軌系統。博世公司於1995年發表了用於轎車的高壓共軌系統,採用徑向柱塞轉子式供油泵,噴油器電磁閥採用球閥結構。目前博世公司共軌系統在歐洲乘用車和輕型車柴油機上已得到普通應用,如德國戴姆勒-賓士公司C系列轎車、義大利AlfaRemeo156轎車、德國大眾的奧迪3.3L型V8渦輪增壓柴油機、美國通用公司與日本五十鈴公司合資生產的Duramax6600柴油機及美國康明斯公司的ISBe3.9L和5.9L全電控柴油機等。德爾福與西門子分別在1998年和2000年推出轎車MultecDCR1400共軌系統,採用徑向柱塞轉子式供油泵,德爾福公司的噴油器電磁閥設計在噴油器內,使得噴油器體積更小巧;西門子噴油器採用壓電執行器,響應時間更短;而日本電裝公司在1991年研究開發出的ECD-U2第一代產品,並於1995年匹配Hino的J08C柴油機、五十鈴的6HK1柴油機,經過多年的改進與完善,最新產品已用於轎車的ECD-U2P系統。
目前,共軌燃油噴射系統應用十分普遍,博世公司已生產出2500萬套共軌系統,並在江蘇無錫投資建設了技術中心和工廠,實現了本地化生產。長城汽車與博世公司開發出了高壓共軌柴油發動機,此外奧迪、賓士、華泰等品牌也推出了採用共軌系統的汽車。我國部分大學、研究所和企業也通過合作或獨立自主研發,取得了各具特色的研究成果,並有數十項專利公布。因此,我國在電控直噴式柴油機方面已積累了一定的經驗,但總體來說與國外還存在差距,主要體現在製造工藝和批量生產的質量控制。此外,國內共軌系統相關配套體系不健全,部分零部件還依靠進口,如單片機晶元、共軌壓力感測器等。
國外公司與中國企業競爭已不佔絕對優勢
相對於汽油機而言,國內在電控柴油機方面與國外差距相對較小。這得益於兩方面原因:一是我國原有柴油機使用車輛大都具有自主品牌,二是我國柴油機使用車輛的舒適性要求不高,價格低廉,國外公司與中國企業競爭不佔優勢。
隨著排放標準的提高,柴油機必須採用電控噴射系統。目前國內柴油電控系統主要有共軌、單體泵等,和國外先進技術比,雖然還不具備對等的實力,但發展勢頭良好。如無錫油泵油嘴研究所研發的共軌系統已在無錫公交使用,同時國內從事電控柴油機研發的企業數量較多,因而國內在電控柴油機市場今後一定會有所作為。而國外公司提供的產品價格相對較高,供貨價格取決於批量,在目前我國電控柴油機批量還不大的前提下,他們很難拿到比較滿意的價位。
同時,在售後服務及配件供應方面,國內自主品牌系統也存在明顯的優勢,國內自主研發的電控燃油系統競爭力主要體現在以下幾方面:首先,價格便宜,經濟批量較小。其次,對於輕卡產品,在批量不大的情況下匹配共軌技術,可選擇高噴射壓力的PM型直列泵+電子調速器+冷卻EGR方案,這也是我們的優勢。還有,對於中重型車輛,在國Ⅲ階段已開始實施共軌、單體泵等技術路線。
當然,國內在電控柴油機系統方面還面臨很多挑戰,如製造工藝不成熟,批量規模較小;燃油品質難以保證;柴油機後處理技術水平不高等。但這些會隨時間推移,不久將逐步得到解決。

❷ 求一篇2000字的汽車英語文章 最好帶中文翻譯

摘 要:本文闡述了發展壓縮天然氣汽車(CNG)的環保低污染性、安全性、經濟性及CNG汽車和加氣站的發展前景及對策。
關鍵詞:壓縮天然氣汽車;加氣站;發展前景;對策
目前,我國一些大城市的汽車尾氣排放是城市大氣污染的主要源頭,因此,發展清潔能源汽車已成為刻不容緩的的選擇。壓縮天然氣汽車(CNG)以其能耗低、污染物排放量小而受到各國的歡迎,是國際公認的最理想的車用替代能源。發展天然氣汽車對於解決環境問題和能源問題都具有重要意義。
一、天然氣汽車的發展情況
l、國外天然氣汽車發展概況
為保護環境減少污染,許多國家政府頒布了一系列法規及出台一些鼓勵性政策,促進燃氣汽車發展,如制定更嚴格的汽車尾氣排放標准,在天然氣供應、汽車購置稅費,設備供給、加氣站建設等方面給予資金、稅收優惠政策。
美國聯邦政府1992年頒布的《能源政策法》,對於購買或改裝代用燃料汽車及加氣站的建設減免稅作出詳細規定,同時還頒布了使用天然氣的減稅政策,並免徵天然氣公司的汽車燃料銷售稅。有40多個州根據聯邦政府的政策、法律,制定了本州有關強制和鼓勵使用CNG等清潔燃料汽車的政策和措施,推動了CNG汽車發展和加氣站建設。目前,全世界已有40多個國家擁有燃氣汽車,主要分布在天然氣資源豐富的義大利、紐西蘭、阿根廷、巴西等國家和環保法規嚴格的美國、日本等國。
2、我國天然氣汽車發展概況
20世紀80年代中期,我國引進了部分CNG加氣站設備,在四川建立了我國第一個CNG加氣站;1993年中國石油天然氣總公司系統引進國外有關技術並於 1996年將加氣站裝置和汽車改裝部件引進技術國產化、技術標准規范化。1999年全國清潔汽車行動協調領導小組成立,啟動了北京、天津、上海、西安、深圳等12個試點城市地區的清潔能源推廣應用工作,在CNG汽車的推廣應用和加氣站建設方面取得了前所未有的成效。根據有關部門統計數字,截止到2004年我國一些地區共有天然氣汽車20多萬輛,加氣站700多座。
二、天然氣汽車(CNG)與其它燃料的環境、經濟效益比較
壓縮天然氣汽車:
天然氣壓縮至20MPa於汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶中,經減壓器後供給內燃機。
以CNG作汽車燃料與汽油相比具有以下優點:
l、降低污染,改善大氣環境:天然氣是一種清潔能源,具有熱值高、效率高、污染小等特點,燃燒比較完全,不易積碳,CO、NOx和微粒的排放量均低於汽油,排氣污染明顯降低。機動車尾氣是城市大氣污染主要來源之一,其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳氫化合物(HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮 (NO2)等。據有關資料顯示,使用天然氣作為汽車燃料與汽油作燃料相比可以減少排放90%CO、90%S02、72%HC、39%NOx、 24%CO2、無粉塵排放,對改善城市環境有顯著作用。典型的柴油機與汽油機及天然氣機排放情況比較見表l。
2、CNG汽車有較高的安全性
與汽油相比,壓縮天然氣是相對安全的燃料。
(1) 天然氣爆炸下限為5%,比汽油(爆炸下限為l%)高,甲烷燃點為645℃ ,比汽油燃點高218℃,相比不易點燃。甲烷密度低,相對密度為0.55左右,泄漏的氣體很快會在空氣中散發,在自然環境中難以形成遇火爆燃的條件,一旦壓縮天然氣從儲罐或管路中泄漏,泄漏點周圍會立即形成低溫區,使天然氣燃燒困難。因此CNG是一種相當安全的汽車燃料。天然氣與汽油的燃料特性比較見表2
(2)天然氣汽車的鋼瓶系高壓容器
(20MPa),其材質及製造、檢驗試驗在各國均有嚴格的規程式控制制,在我國有《汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶標准))(GBl7258—1998)。
鋼瓶安裝有防爆設施,減壓器、閥門等設備,嚴密度標准高,供氣系統安全可靠,不會因汽車碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸,而汽油汽車的油箱系非壓力容器,著火後容易爆炸。
3、有利於緩解能源緊張的供需矛盾。
我國經濟正處於高速發展階段,汽車數量以100萬輛/年以上的速度遞增,對汽油資源需求大量增加,我國每年需要進口大量原油、成品油和LPG。使用燃氣汽車可優化
汽車燃料供應結構,改變了汽車燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局,既緩解了汽油供應緊張的問題又滿足交通事業發展的需要。
4、可延長發動機壽命。天然氣容易擴散,以氣態進入發動機,在發動機中容易和空氣均勻混合,燃燒比較完全、干凈;可以提高熱循環效率,加快燃燒速度,充分利用燃燒熱能;同時CNG辛烷值高,抗暴性能好,使用時不需要添加抗暴劑,不會稀釋潤滑油,因而使發動機氣缸內的零件磨損大大減少,使發動機的壽命和潤滑油的使用期限大幅度增長。所有這些都會降低汽車的保養和運行費用,從而提高汽車使用的經濟性。 5、有較高的經濟效益。目前,國內汽油價格持續上升,價格體系已和世界接軌,使用CNG汽車將能節省近40%燃料費用,見表3。
三、CNG汽車的發展前景
CNG汽車和加氣站具有廣闊的發展前景,主要表現在以下幾方面:
l、汽車保有量的飛速增長、石油資源和環保的嚴峻形勢,決定了發展天然氣汽車成為解決能源問題和環境問題的重要途徑。
2、「十一五」期間,新型清潔能源汽車已被列入《國家科技發展中長期規劃》,國家將繼續組織實施涉及各種清潔能源汽車的重大科技項目,重點支持包括天然氣汽車在內的整車、零部件等關鍵技術,將進一步促進天然氣汽車的發展。
3、我國天然氣資源大規模開發及管道建設步伐加快使發展CNG和加氣站成為可能。根據我國天然氣利用規劃,近十年「西氣東輸」、「陝京二線」等一大批輸氣管道及沿線城市燃氣管道相繼建成,我國大規模利用天然氣的基礎設施逐步完善,天然氣加氣站也將逐步形成網路。
4、發展CNG汽車具有穩定的氣源保證,以天津為例,目前天津市已建立了完善的天然氣輸配系統,由陝北、大港、華北等油田向天津供氣,2005年年供氣量近6 億m3,2006年預計達8億m3,管網長度6894km,其中,高壓管線591km,為「十一五」期間天津市大力發展CNG汽車大規模建設加氣站提供了保證。
四、CNG汽車和加氣站發展對策探討
為加快以天然氣為燃料的清潔汽車的發展,提出以下建議:
1、政府出台鼓勵和扶持政策:世界各國發展經驗表明,政府的支持是加快發展的必要條件,其經濟政策是影響其發展的重要因素,應在法律方面予以保障,在燃氣汽車生產、改裝、零部件生產,加氣站建設,燃氣汽車購買和使用、維修等環節制定價格、稅收、投資、補貼等方面配套的優惠政策。燃氣價格是影響燃氣汽車發展的重要因素,只有燃氣價格與汽油價格形成足夠大差價時,燃氣汽車的發展才具有經濟基礎和推動力。
2、加強領導,實行統一管理。發展CNG汽車必須建設優質、便利的加氣站,需要規劃、公安、消防、勞動、技監等部門的支持。
3、在市政規劃中,加氣站與加油站應統籌考慮,合理布局,協調發展。盡量利用現有土地資源,在確保環境安全的前提下建設油氣合一站。
4、遵循CNG汽車與加氣站同步發展的原則,只有在加氣站成網的條件下,CNG汽車才能真正發展。同時也只有CNG汽車規模到了一定數量,加氣站才能正常運轉,實現盈利。
5、嚴格法律制度:制定嚴格的汽車尾氣排放法規,切實做到不達標車輛堅決不予以上路,對CNG汽車改裝廠的資格進行嚴格審查,認證。首先應將城市城市公交車、出租汽車作為CNG汽車發展的重點,杜絕部分公交車冒黑煙污染環境的現象。
6、加大宣傳力度。目前,天然氣汽車尚處於起步階段,社會公眾對它的環保性,安全性,經濟性,可靠性還不充分了解,所以,要進行廣泛的社會宣傳,努力提高人們對汽車尾氣危害性的認識,使人們了解CNG是清潔、安全、經濟的車用燃料,使發展天然氣汽車得到社會各方面的認可和支持。
壓縮天然氣汽車由於其顯著的經濟效益和社會效益將成為天然氣市場開發應用的一個新領域。在環境保護越來越受到重視的形勢下,隨著天然氣資源的開發和應用領域的拓寬,此舉將是減輕環境污染壓力、緩解石油緊缺,實現可持續發展的可靠保證。

Abstract: This paper describes the development of compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) on environmental protection of low-pollution, security, economic and CNG cars and filling stations and prospects for the development of countermeasures.
Key words: compressed natural gas vehicles; stations; development prospects; Countermeasures
At present, China's major cities is a urban vehicle emissions a major source of air pollution, therefore, the development of clean energy vehicles have become the choice of the delay. Compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) in their low energy consumption and emissions by all countries small and welcoming, is recognized internationally as the best alternative energy vehicle. The development of natural gas vehicle to address the environmental issues and energy issues are of great significance.
First, the development of natural gas vehicle
l, development of foreign natural gas vehicle
Rece pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introction of a number of incentive policies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives.
In 1992 the U.S. federal government enacted the "Energy Policy Act," or modified for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries.
2, China's Natural Gas Vehicle Development
80 In the mid-20th century, the introction of some of our CNG filling station equipment, set up in Sichuan's first CNG filling stations in China; in 1993 the China National Petroleum Corporation on the introction of foreign technology systems in 1996 installations and will be filling stations modified car parts made of the introction of technology, standardization of technical standards. 1999 National Clean Automobile Action Coordination Leading Group was established to start the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Xi'an, Shenzhen and other cities in 12 pilot areas to promote the application of clean energy in the popularization and application of CNG vehicles and filling stations has made an unprecedented building results. According to relevant statistics, as of 2004 there were some areas of China's natural gas vehicle more than 20 million vehicles, more than 700 filling stations Block.
Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits compared
Compressed natural gas vehicles:
20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure recer.
To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages:
l, rece pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline as fuel can rece emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2, non-st emissions, to improve the urban environment has a significant role in . A typical diesel engine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.
2, CNG vehicle for a higher security
Compared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel.
(1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 ℃, ignition than gasoline high 218 ℃, compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties of natural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuel properties of gasoline is shown in table 2
(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel
(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards)) (GBl7258-1998).
Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure recer, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over e to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.
3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension.
China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gas cars
Motor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of the development.
4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly rece wear and tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles will rece maintenance and operating costs, thereby enhancing the economy of the use of vehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasoline prices continued to rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to save nearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3.
Third, CNG vehicle development prospects
CNG cars and filling stations will have broad prospects for development, mainly in the following aspects:
l, cars of the rapid growth of oil resources and environmental protection, the grim situation, the decision of the development of natural gas vehicles as a solution to energy issues and environmental issues an important way.
2, "Eleventh Five-Year" period, a new type of clean energy vehicles have been included in "long-term national science and technology development planning", the state will continue to organize and implement a variety of clean energy vehicles of major scientific and technological projects, the focus of support, including natural gas vehicles, including vehicles, parts, etc., will further promote the development of natural gas vehicle.
3, large-scale development of China's natural gas resources and pipeline construction to accelerate the pace of development of CNG and LPG filling stations make it possible. According to China's natural gas use planning, for nearly a decade, "West-East Gas Transmission", "second Shaanxi-Beijing", such as a large number of gas pipeline and gas pipeline along the cities have built large-scale use of natural gas in China's graal improvement of infrastructure, natural gas filling stations will graally form a network.
4, the development of CNG auto gas source with the stability of assurance to Tianjin as an example, at present, Tianjin has established a perfect system of natural gas transmission and distribution, from northern Shaanxi, Dagang, Tianjin, North China Oil Field to supply, gas supply is nearly mid-2005 600 million m3, 2006 was projected to reach 800 million m3, the length of pipe network 6894km, of which high-pressure pipeline 591km, for the "Eleventh Five-Year" period of Tianjin to develop large-scale construction of CNG filling stations car provides a guarantee.
Fourth, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasures
In order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:
1, the Government has introced policies to encourage and support: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important factor in their development should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile proction, modification, parts and components proction, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects of the preferential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an important factor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gas car before the development of an economic foundation and driving force.
2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.
The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and other departments.
3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered co-ordination, rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building one station.
4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNG vehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only CNG car to a certain number, the normal operation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability.
5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, certification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the focus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment.
6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage, the public nature of its environmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support.
Compressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental protection situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will rece the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable development of a reliable guarantee.

❸ vm柴油發動機是什麼意思

義大利VM集團是歐洲著名的柴油機研發和製造商。

VM公司由Ugo Martelli和Claudio Vancini兩人創建於1947年,兩人之後申請了義大利第一台含中冷、直噴技術的柴油發動機專利,奠定了VM公司在柴油發動機領域的基礎。

從20世紀70年代中期開始,VM公司陸續研發出一些系列高技術的柴油發動機,這些發動機帶有渦輪增壓裝置,在當時處於絕對領先地位,逐漸開始為世界各各大汽車公司提供發動機設備。

(3)義大利柴油機排放標准英語怎麼說擴展閱讀:

注意事項:

1、啟動前檢查機油是否在規定的機油標尺刻度線以內,機油質量是否符合要求,並確保按要求加註機油,檢查循環水是否加滿。

2、行車前應怠速空轉暖車15分鍾左右,觀察機油壓力是否正常,再次觀察冷卻水是否加滿,循環是否正常,有無漏水、漏油和漏氣現象。

3、每次冷車上路行駛前10~15公里,運輸車輛時速應控制在40公里以內,拖拉機時速應控制在15公里以內,待水溫達到75℃以上時再正常速度行駛,這樣做能保證汽缸套、軸瓦等部件得到良好和充分的潤滑,使各運動摩擦表面能磨出鏡面表面,從而大幅度提高柴油機的使用壽命。

4、行車中注意觀察柴油機的機油壓力、水溫、聲音、煙度和氣味是否正常,如有異常應立即停車檢查,排除故障後才可繼續行駛,否則將因操作不當使故障損壞擴大。

閱讀全文

與義大利柴油機排放標准英語怎麼說相關的資料

熱點內容
送義大利香水什麼意思 瀏覽:240
中國一共有多少個網紅 瀏覽:498
義大利與江蘇經濟哪個強 瀏覽:200
印度人如何看待中美博弈 瀏覽:847
哪裡有中國文學中心 瀏覽:139
在英國怎麼玩國服永劫無間 瀏覽:341
印度新娘這首歌叫什麼 瀏覽:548
入境印尼打工需要注意什麼意思 瀏覽:362
越南機場在哪個國家 瀏覽:470
印尼怎麼連wifi 瀏覽:37
我國援助伊朗的醫生有多少 瀏覽:968
中國空軍飛行頭盔結構有哪些名字 瀏覽:893
義大利面怎麼做用買的番茄醬 瀏覽:893
三四天如何逛越南 瀏覽:904
越南服為什麼卡頓 瀏覽:574
中國水利水電四局第二分局在哪裡 瀏覽:798
義大利柴油機排放標准英語怎麼說 瀏覽:870
義大利和韓國哪個科技發達 瀏覽:662
中國舞怎麼瘦小腿 瀏覽:472
3萬印尼盾換多少人民幣匯率 瀏覽:685