英国史书用英语怎么写

Ⅰ 帮忙用英语写下“17世纪和18世纪的英国文学史”这篇文章

The 17th century and 18th century literature in Great Britain

1. Jacobean literature
After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.

Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.

Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.

Another popular style of theatre ring Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.

The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.

Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.

2. Caroline and Cromwellian literature
The turbulent years of the mid-17th century, ring the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.

Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.

Other forms of literature written ring this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in , the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both procing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.

3. Augustan literature
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730's themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 - 1750 was called "the Augustan Age" by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith). The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to ecation, and the stirrings of the Instrial Revolution.

The most outstanding poet of the age is Alexander Pope, but Pope's excellence is partially in his constant battle with other poets, and his serene, seemingly neo-Classical approach to poetry is in competition with highly idiosyncratic verse and strong competition from such poets as Ambrose Philips. It was ring this time that James Thomson proced his melancholy The Seasons and Edward Young wrote Night Thoughts. It is also the era that saw a serious competition over the proper model for the pastoral. In criticism, poets struggled with a doctrine of decorum, of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject. At the same time, the mock-heroic was at its zenith. Pope's Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad are still the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written.

In prose, the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the English essay. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's The Spectator established the form of the British periodical essay, inventing the pose of the detached observer of human life who can meditate upon the world without advocating any specific changes in it. However, this was also the time when the English novel, first emerging in the Restoration, developed into a major artform. Daniel Defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with Roxana and Moll Flanders. He also wrote a fictional treatment of the travels of Alexander Selkirk called Robinson Crusoe (1719). The novel would benefit indirectly from a tragedy of the stage, and in mid-century many more authors would begin to write novels.

If Addison and Steele overawed one type of prose, then Jonathan Swift did another. Swift's prose style is unmannered and direct, with a clarity that few contemporaries matched. He was a profound skeptic about the modern world, but he was similarly profoundly distrustful of nostalgia. He saw in history a record of lies and vanity, and he saw in the present a madness of vanity and lies. Core Christian values were essential, but these values had to be muscular and assertive and developed by constant rejection of the games of confidence men and their gullies. Swift's A Tale of a Tub announced his skeptical analysis of the claims of the modern world, and his later prose works, such as his war with Patridge the astrologer, and most of all his derision of pride in Gulliver's Travels left only the indivial in constant fear and humility safe. After his "exile" to Ireland, Swift reluctantly began defending the Irish people from the predations of colonialism. His A Modest Proposal and the Drapier Letters provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irish Roman Catholics, was outraged by the abuses and barbarity he saw around him.

4.18th century

During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) – a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Led by the philosophers who were inspired by the discoveries of the previous century (Newton) and the writings of Descartes, Locke and Bacon.

They sought to discover and to act upon universally valid principles governing humanity, nature, and society. They variously attacked spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism; the same qualities played a part in bringing the later reaction of romanticism. The Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age.

During the end of the 19th century Ann Radcliffe would be the pioneer of the Gothic Novel. Her novel, The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne in 1789, sets the tone for the majority of her work, which tended to involve innocent, but heroic young women who find themselves in gloomy, mysterious castles ruled by even more mysterious barons with dark pasts. The Romance of the Forest would follow and her most famous novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho, is considered the ultimate Gothic Novel of the late 18th century.

Increased emphasis on instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages ring the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Ann Radcliffe's novel would embody all of this in The Mysteries of Udolpho.

Ⅱ 英国用英语怎么写

England
英国

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Ⅲ 英国英语怎么写

1、英国，Britain。读音：美/?br?tn/；英/?br?tn/。
2、释义：
（1）England n.英格兰。
（2）Britain n.英国；不列颠。
（3）UK abbr.联合王国（United Kingdom）；n.英国。

Ⅳ “英国”用英语怎么说

英国单词：Britain或者United Kingdom。

Britain，英 ['brɪtn]，美 ['brɪtn]

n. 英国；不列颠

例句：Britain has always had a large navy, called the Royal Navy.

英国一直有一支强大的海军，称为皇家海军。

近义词

England，英 ['ɪŋɡlənd]，美 ['ɪŋɡlənd]

n. 英格兰；英国

例句：The big match tonight is England versus Spain.

今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。

Ⅳ 英国的英文怎么写

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland——大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

英国即大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，主体是英格兰，所以习惯上称英国（英国本来是英格兰王国的简称），是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国，大英帝国（后改称英联邦）号称日不落帝国。

英伦三岛是指英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，由于北爱尔兰位于爱尔兰岛，其余众多岛屿面积过小，所以不包括在内。

(5)英国史书用英语怎么写扩展阅读

英国在1688年的光荣革命确立了君主立宪政体，18世纪60年代至19世纪30年代成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家 ，国力迅速壮大。18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲，是当时世界上最强大的国家和第一大殖民帝国，其殖民地面积等于本土的111倍 ， 号称日不落帝国。

在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。到20世纪下半叶大英帝国解体，资本主义世界霸权的地位被美国取代。不过，现在英国仍是一个在世界范围内有巨大影响力的大国。

英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，欧洲四大经济体之一，其国民拥有极高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。作为英联邦元首国、七国集团成员国、北约创始会员国、英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。

Ⅵ 英国的英语怎么写

(6)英国史书用英语怎么写扩展阅读

1.Britain

例句示范：

Henceforward France and Britain had a common interest. 自此法国和英国有了共同的利益。

Britain and Argentina reopened diplomatic relations.英国和阿根廷重新建立了外交关系。

Britain and France have expressed some disagreement with the proposal.英国和法国对这项提案已经发表了一些反对意见。

The department said many countries had reciprocal agreements for health care with Britain.该部门称许多国家和英国签订了医疗卫生互惠协议。

2.England

例句示范：

She severed her ties with England.她断绝了和英国的往来。

I boarded the plane bound for England.我登上了飞往英格兰的'飞机。

He had lost his place in the England team.他失去了在英格兰队的位置。

In a warm-up game for the World Cup, Uruguay have beaten England.在世界杯热身赛中，乌拉圭队打败了英格兰队。

3.the United Kingdom

例句示范：

This television program provoked a spirited debate in the United Kingdom.这个电视节目在英国引起了激烈的辩论。

He visited various penal institutions in the United Kingdom in the late 1930s. 20世纪30年代末他探访了英国各种各样的服刑机构。

The study was supported by the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom and Cancer Research UK.这项研究获得了英国医学研究委员会和英国癌症研究所的支持。

They have pen pals in the United Kingdom and Australia.他们已经有英国和澳大利亚的笔友。

We are a company based both in the United Kingdom and nigeria.我公司建立于英国和尼日尔爾利亚。

Ⅶ 英国历史的英语是什么

英伦三岛的第一批印欧居民是塞尔特人。原先岛上可能还有更早的居民，但是人烟稀少，所以没有留下多少遗迹。塞尔特人是古印欧人的一支，大约在四千五百年前离开他们在东欧的故乡向西迁移，在公元前一千年时，他们成了德国南部、阿尔卑斯山北麓的一个强大民族。在公元前五百年左右，他们开始向西迁移，后来到了英伦诸岛。这就是印欧人的第一次“入侵”。
印欧人的第二次入侵是在公元五世纪中叶，当时生活在现在的德国和丹麦交界处有两个部落，一个是石勒苏益格（Schleswig）的盎格鲁（Angles），另一个是霍尔施坦因（Holstein）的萨克森（Saxon）。石勒苏益格／霍尔施坦因现在是德国最北面的两个州。这两个部落从那里跨过北海，占据了英格兰，原来的塞尔特人很快地后退到威尔士、爱尔兰和苏格兰高地。English一词就出自Angles，原意为“角落”，意即他们来自欧洲大陆的一角。在古英语中Angle写作Engle，他们的语言叫做Englisc（在古英语中“sc”读如“sh”，如“sceap”—— “sheep”）。顺便说一句，“塞尔特”（Celt）中的c可以读如s或k，所以也叫“凯尔特”。
古英语一直发展到公元1066年法国的诺曼人入侵。在此以前，由于受北欧人和罗马人的影响，许多斯堪地那维亚词汇和拉丁词汇溶了进来。前者如egg，cake，skin，leg，window，husband，sky，fellow，skill，anger，flat，ugly，odd，get，give，take，raise，call，die，they，their，them；后者如street，kitchen，kettle，cup，cheese，wine。塞尔特语的遗迹大多留在地名中，如Thames，Kent，Dover。
诺曼人的入侵为英语带来了大量的法语词汇，这使得现代英语中存现大量的同义／近义词：shut／close，answer／reply，smell／odor，yearly／annual，ask／demand，room／chamber，wish／desire，might／power（英语词／法语词）。有一个有趣的现象是产肉的动物多是英语词，如ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer，而它们的肉则是法语词，如beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison。大概持法语的多为贵族统治者，只注意他们餐桌上的肉，并不在意牲畜们叫什么。
另外在已有的英语／斯堪地那维亚语同义词基础上，如英语的wrath和斯堪地那维亚语的anger之外，法语又加了个ire。连我们汉语也贡献很多词：kowtow（叩头），typhoon（台风），sampan（舢板），kaolin（高岭土），tea（闽方言），shanghai（不是地名：－））豆腐，功夫，柠檬等。
这些外来语使英语成为一个表达力丰富的语言。尽管溶入了如此众多的“外来语”，古英语仍然构成了它的核心——不到五千的古英语单词一直保持到了今天。在此期间英语逐渐向高层发展，1399年继承王位的亨利四世是第一个以英语为母语的英国国王。在十四世纪快要结束的时候，乔叟（Chaucer）完成了‘坎特伯雷的传说’（Canterbury Tales），以伦敦方言为代表的现代英语终于开始出现：一个来自当年“角落”的语言。

Ⅷ 英国的英语怎么写呢

英国

1、England 英 【ˈɪŋɡlənd】 美 【'iŋɡlənd】

n. 英格兰；英国；

2、Britain 英 【'brɪt(ə)n】 美 【'brɪtn】

n. 英国；不列颠；

3、UK联合王国（United Kingdom） 【ˌju: ˈkeɪ; ˌju ke】

abbr. 联合王国（United Kingdom）

n. 英国；

Ⅸ “英国”用英文怎么写

“英国”用英文有三种写法：（1）England; （2）Britain; （3）UK。